Bugala Island, situated on Lake Victoria in Uganda’s Kalangala district, has undergone a transformation over the past decade. Previously one of Uganda’s poorest districts, residents of Bugala Island lacked safe regular access to the mainland, reliable electricity and clean water. This had constrained the growth of agriculture and fishing activities on the island and prevented the realisation of its tourism potential. The complexity inherent to multi-sector small-scale island infrastructure had deterred the private sector, requiring significant expertise to balance commercial viability and affordability.